Topic of This Issue: Metabolism
Background: Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms, which are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways among vastly different species. Metabolism can be conveniently divided into two categories: Catabolism (The breakdown of molecules to obtain energy, such as Cellular respiration) and Anabolism (The synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells, such as proteins and nucleic acids). Nutrition is the key to metabolism. The pathways of metabolism rely upon nutrients that they breakdown in order to produce energy. This energy in turn is required…
Topic of This Issue: Cellular respiration
Background: Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The chemical energy stored in ATP can then be used to drive processes requiring energy, including biosynthesis, locomotion or transport of molecules across cell membranes. All living cells must carry out cellular respiration, which can be aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration. And nutrients that are commonly used in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids. The reactions of cellular respiration can be grouped into three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle), and electron transport. Glycolysis can take…
Topic of This Issue: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and It's Family
Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hydroxyl ion, nitric oxide, singlet oxygen and alpha-oxygen, consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen, which are generated during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion. For example, Hydroxyl radical is produced in Haber-Weiss reaction from superoxide and Hydrogen peroxide. ROS generation is normally counterbalanced by the action of antioxidant enzymes and other redox molecules. However, When ROS overwhelm the cellular antioxidant defense system, oxidative stress occurs, which results in direct or indirect ROS-mediated damage of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and has been implicated in carcinogenesis, neurodegeneration, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus,…
Topic of This Issue: Magical Superoxide anion
Background: Superoxide ion (O2·−), which is considered both a radical and an anion with the radical sign ( . ) and a charge of −1, is produced by the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen and is of great significance as a radical species implicated in diverse chemical and biological systems. Superoxide anion is a byproduct of respiration and a crucial component of the immune defense system. It can be generated from two major sources: the mitochondrial respiratory chain and phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase). Under normal circumstances, the biological system releases an enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), which specifically maintains the Superoxide anion concentration at an optimal level. Nevertheless, whe n overproduction of Superoxide anion occurs and/or antioxidant…
Topic of This Issue: Mysterious Glutathione
Background: Glutathione plays an important role in antioxidant defense, nutrition metabolism and cell regulation (including gene expression, DNA and protein synthesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, signal transduction, cytokine production and immune response, and protein glutathione). Glutathione deficiency leads to oxidative stress, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of aging and many diseases (including malnutrition, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, liver disease, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, HIV, AIDS, cancer, heart disease, stroke and diabetes). Product Recommendation: Product name Catalog No. Product Features CheKine™ Reduced Glutathione (GSH) Colorimetric Assay Kit KTB1600 • Determination of Reduced Glutathione concentration in serum, plasma, tissue/cell lysates and other biological fluids. • A broad…
New product | Focusing on glutathione metabolism- Abbkine new product coming in May!
It's time to release new products every month, so it's exciting to think about it! After the hard work of our R & D personnel, Abbkine welcomed 7 new partners in May! The new product line of this issue-glutathione series biochemical kits. The significance of glutathione research: Glutathione is a tripeptide containing glutamate, cysteine and glycine, which contains sulfhydryl groups. It is widely present in animals and plants. It has antioxidant and integrated detoxification effects. Its related coenzyme is NADPH. Too much free radicals produced by the body's metabolism can damage the biofilm, invade macromolecules of life, accelerate the body's aging, and induce the production of tumors or atherosclerosis. Glutathione has the functions of enhancing the antioxidant function of organisms,…
New product: IL-6, TNF-alpha, bFGF, IFN-gamma recombinant protein upgrading!
The new product line in this recombinant protein series: Human IL-6 protein：Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in host defense by regulating immune and inflammatory responses. IL-6 is an important member of the cytokine network and is central to the acute inflammatory response. After the production of IL-6, it induces the production of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT), which are associated with inflammatory diseases and infections. The degree is directly related. IL-6 can quickly diagnose early inflammation and warn of sepsis. Human TNF-alpha protein：Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation, mainly secreted by macrophages. Its main function is to regulate immune cells. As an endogenous pyrogen, it can cause…
How to choose appropriate Catalase (CAT) Activity Assay Kit?
Catalase (CAT) is an antioxidant enzyme commonly found in almost all living organisms. Its main function is to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen and remove hydrogen peroxide in the body, thus preventing cells from being poisoned by H2O2. It is one of the key enzymes in the biological defense system and provides an antioxidant defense mechanism for the body. In this article, for CAT Activity Assay Kit, the author chose different brands (Cayman Chemical, Abcam, Biovision) and compared them with Abbkine CheKine™ Catalase (CAT) Activity Assay Kit (Cat#: KTB1040) from several aspects such as assay principle, detection, sample type and size/price. Summary: For CAT Activity Assay Kit, the brand Abbkine and Cayman Chemical are the similar in Assay Principle. Methanol…
How to choose appropriate NADP/NADPH Assay Kit?
NADP (coenzyme II) is the coenzyme of many redox reactions, including NADP+ (oxidation type) and NADPH (reduction type). NADP+ is also involved in biosynthesis reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis. In animal cells, the oxidation stage of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is the main source of NADPH. In this article, for NADP/NADPH Assay Kit, the author chose different brands (BioAssay Systems, Abcam, Biovision) and compared them with Abbkine CheKine™NADP/NADPH Assay Kit (Cat#: KTB1010) from several aspects such as assay principle, detection, sample type and size/price. Summary: These brands are the similar in Assay Principle, Detection and Sample type. Prices are different. The price of Abbkine NADP/NADPH Assay Kit (Cat#: KTB1010) is the lowest. Besides good price, Abbkine NADP/NADPH Assay…
How to Select an Antibody&Protein Coupling Kit with Super Cost Performance
1, The common definition of coupling technology Enzymes, biotin, fluorescent dye, agarose, magnetic beads and other substances which are easy to detect or separate are covalently labeled or conjugated to antibodies, proteins or other small molecular substances by a certain technology. 2, Background of Coupling Technology Coupling of antibodies, proteins or other small molecules is a necessary step in many types of biological experiments. For example, in order to detect specific proteins in immunoassays (such as WB/IHC/IF and other immunological experiments), we couple primary antibody or secondary antibody with enzyme, fluorescent dye, etc. In cell staining (biological imaging) applications, reactive dyes (fluorescent dye) are directly combined with extracellular or intracellular proteins (polypeptides) to produce visible and measurable staining. Coupling agarose…
